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丽江电脑数码影像金相分析仪生产工艺Journal of General Virology (2008), 89, 60–67
投稿人
Norio Ogata
nogata7@yahoo.co.jp
2007年8月29日接收 2007年10月7日录用
低浓度二氧化氯对甲型流感病毒感染的防护作用
Norio Ogata,Takashi Shibata 564-0032日本大阪吹田市内本町3-34-14,大幸制药株式会社研究中心
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Influenza virus infection is one of the major causes of human morbidity and mortality. Between humans, this virus spreads mostly via aerosols excreted from the respiratory system. Current means of prevention of influenza virus infection are not entirely satiactory because of their limited efficacy. Safe and effective preventive measures against pandemic influenza are greatly needed. We demonstrate that infection of mice induced by aerosols of influenza A virus was prevented by chlorine dioxide (ClO2) gas at an extremely low concentration (below the long-term permissible exposure level to humans, namely 0.1 p.p.m.). Mice in semi-closed cages were exposed to aerosols of influenza A virus (1 LD50) and ClO2 gas (0.03 p.p.m.) simultaneously for 15 min. Three days after exposure, pulmonary virus titre (TCID50) was 102.6±1.5 in five mice treated with ClO2, whilst it was 106.7±0.2 in five mice that had not been treated (P=0.003). Cumulative mortality after 16 days was 0/10 mice treated with ClO2 and 7/10 mice that had not been treated (P=0.002). In in vitro experiments, ClO2 denatured viral envelope proteins (haemagglutinin and neuraminidase) that are indispensable for infectivity of the virus, and abolished infectivity. Taken together, we conclude that ClO2 gas is effective at preventing aerosol-induced influenza virus infection in mice by denaturing viral envelope proteins at a concentration well below the permissible exposure level to humans. ClO2 gas could therefore be useful as a preventive means against influenza in places of human activity without necessitating evacuation.
流感病毒感染是人类患病与死亡的主要原因之一。这种病毒主要通过感染者呼 吸道分泌物产生的气溶胶粒子在人与人之间传播。目前,防止流感病毒感染的 手段并非完全有效,人们急需针对大流行性流感的安全有效预防措施。我们通 过实验证实,极低浓度二氧化氯气体(低于可允许的人类期暴露浓度值0.1 p.p.m.)可预防小鼠通过气溶胶感染甲型流感病毒。关在半封闭式笼子里的小鼠 同时暴露于甲型流感病毒气溶胶(1 LD50)和二氧化氯气体(0.03 p.p.m.)15 分钟。三天后,五只暴露于二氧化氯气体的小鼠的肺部病毒滴度(半数组织培 养感染量测定)为102.6±1.5;五只未被暴露于二氧化氯气体的小鼠的肺部病毒 滴度为106.7±0.2(P=0.003)。十六天后,暴露于二氧化氯气体的小鼠累计死亡
率为0/10;未被暴露于二氧化氯气体的小鼠累计死亡率为7/10(P=0.002)。体外 实验证实,空调维修需要什么资质,中国制冷空调设备维修安装企业资质,由国家发展和改革委员会下属的中国设备管理协会,中国制冷空调工业协会评审认证,二氧化氯可改变病毒感染的必要物质——病毒包膜蛋白(血凝素和 神经氨酸苷酶)的性质,破坏病毒感染性。综合以上结果,我们得出结论:低 于人体可允许暴露浓度值的二氧化氯浓度即可改变小鼠体内的病毒包膜蛋白性 质,从而有效防止流感病毒通过气溶胶传染。因此,二氧化氯气体可作为针对 流感的有效预防手段,且无须排泄。
INTRODUCTION
Among the most frequent infections of the upper and lower respiratory tracts in humans are those caused by influenza A virus, an enveloped, negative-sense, singlestranded RNA virus (Skehel & Hay, 1978; Ghendon et al., 1981; McCauley & Mahy, 1983). In a typical year, the virus infects 15–20% of the population, causing >500 000 deaths worldwide (Thompson et al., 2003; WHO, 2003), but the most frightening effects are seen when new strains of virus emerge, resulting in devastating pandemics (Reid & Taubenberger, 2003). Current reports of avian-to-human transmission of influenza A virus, particularly of the H5N1 subtype, make the prospect of new pandemics particularly alarming (Webby & Webster, 2003; Webster et al., 2007). It cannot be overemphasized that novel strains of influenza virus have the potential to cause devastating pandemics in the near future (Palese, 2004). In the past century, three outbreaks of influenza virus infection have caused significant numbers of human fatalities. Among them, the 1918 strain was particularly notable for its infectivity and the severity of the disease (Kong et al., 2006).
介绍
人类最常的上呼吸道和下呼吸道传染疾病是由甲型流感病毒引起的。甲型流 感病毒是一种包膜型负义单链RNA病毒(Skehel & Hay, 1978; Ghendon et al., 1981; McCauley & Mahy, 1983)。在某代表性年份中,这种病毒感染了全球15- 20%的人口,一般价格在50-100元之间;中修的价格可能在100-300元之间,大多是因为空调上的一些零件要更换,比如更换挂机底座、组件、柜机箱体等等;,2、用干净、柔软的干布将遥控器擦拭干净,并卸下电池,导致超过50万人死亡(Thompson et al., 2003; WHO, 2003)。最可怕 的情况发生在病毒新菌株产生时,3、小心有毒哦~,进行维修时,若有制冷剂气体泄漏,应使工作场所通风,将导致毁灭性的大流行传染病(Reid & Taubenberger, 2003)。目前关于甲型流感病毒——尤其是H5N1子类型病毒—— 禽传人的报告令人忧虑,进行维修前务必给电容器完全放电,新的传染病很有可能在未来爆发(Webby & Webster, 2003; Webster et al., 2007)。流感病毒新菌株有可能在不久的将来引起毁灭性的 大流行传染病,这一推测毫不夸张(Palese, 2004)。上个世纪,三次流感病毒 感染爆发导致的死亡人数众多。其中,1918年的流感病毒株系具有极强传染性 和极严重的疾病表现(Kong et al., 2006)。
As with many respiratory viruses, influenza virus spreads in the air as aerosols (droplets) expelled from an infected human. It needs to attach to and penetrate target cells to establish infection (Wagner et al., 2002). The principal route of entry of the virus into target cells takes place by binding to a receptor on the surface of a respiratory-tract epithelial cell, with subsequent traner of viral genetic materials into the infected cell (Wagner et al., 2002). The envelope of the influenza virus carries two major surface glycoproteins, haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) (EC 3 .
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